A Scope Of Microsoft Essay Research Paper free essay sample

A Scope Of Microsoft Essay, Research Paper There are numerous elements that must be viewed as when investigating an organization for a potential amalgamation or procurement. I being the Chief official of a significant competitory bundle creating organization articulation for some things. Thingss, for example, key arranging, monetary open introduction, mechanical progresss and selling chances are just a portion of the variables that must be seen while sing another organization for procurement. In this occurrence, Microsoft Corporation is our imprint. I will dissect the above-named factors before doing my assurance on whether or non a securing will be executable. Microsoft Corporation was established in 1975 by William H. Doors III. The organization, which was propelled by Gates, had a dream of figuring machines fueled by bundle created by the organization being a way of life. The end was to consolidate processing machines into individuals s unremarkable lives. The organization began in Gates carport with rough designing and boundless goal. Today the organization has become the universe s figure one bundle designer and producer. The organization offers an extremely various line of stocks runing from place client applications to cutting edge concern bundle. Microsoft creates and fabricates a full line of games, web distribution, and most altogether, it s figure one bit of bundle, Windows 2000 and ever-well known Office 2000. The universe in a general sense runs on Microsoft bundle. The bundle is sent with 70 % of the universe s registering machines giving Microsoft an aggregate of more than 19 billion dollars in grosss for 1999. Microsoft has late developed known to mankind of Internet Service Providers ( ISP s ) to go an adversary of the notable America Online. The Microsoft Network ( MSN ) as it is known offers clients similar points of interest of the taking ISP s while coordinating its ain designing to do the on-line experience more easy to use and innovatively progressed than the others. MSN permits clients to inter face their on-line work with their standard working bundle to let for simpler web distribution, further developed interactive media introductions, and speedier preparing cut. There have been numerous issues refering Microsoft s plans. Many state that the organization is only in the market to dominate and consume. As an issue of certainty, the United States Government is by and by in a common enemy of trust occasion against the organization. Proof and horrible judgment has been brought against them so as to try to end them from cornering. In the previous five mature ages, Microsoft has made more than 40 acquisitions of organizations everything being equal. It appears to be since they are making more puting in organizations rather than dominating. Microsoft holds large putting places in NBC, Nextel Communications, AT A ; T, NTL Inc. , Qwest Communications and United Pan-Europe Communications. Of class those are just the biggest contributing spots of 200 million dollars and over. There are numerous other small contributing spots as great. This is simply one of the plans of the organization, as an outcome of the entirety of their contributing spots, it permit s them to build their market parcel through presentation in various markets. Another plan that Microsoft sticks to will be to be the most innovatively propelled bundle engineer in the market. Microsoft has ever been the pioneer in building with regards to a wide range of bundle, regardless of whether it is for place client or concern. It is said that inside the accompanying scarcely any mature ages, numerous individuals will get down to populate in brilliant spots. Microsoft is by and by creating designing that will empower a processing machine to run a full family, without the client being place! It is this sort of building that keeps Microsoft before the rest of the opposition. This goes manus in manus with the normal $ 3.8 billion expected putting resources into R A ; D in money related 2000. It is no reverence why the specialists is trying to hinder up this enormous expert intensity of an organization! A basic plan that Microsoft is segment of is immense globalization. Microsoft has selling areas in more than 73 states around the world. This is an enormous bit of Microsoft s conspire on the grounds that it permits them to infer presentation everywhere throughout the universe, which will follow up on concerns and places everywhere throughout the universe to go segment of the Microsoft web of bundle. Monetarily Microsoft has ever been a top performing craftsman. Since the organization opened up to the world in March of 1986, the organization has developed to 325 % of its unique size. In money related twelvemonth 1985, the organization had an overall gain of $ 24 million, as of fourth one-fourth 1999 ; the organization had a total compensation of $ 7.7 billion. Whole investors value in monetary 99 was over $ 28 billion. Numbers like these are non extremely normal in the bundle creating and manufacture concern. The greater part of Microsoft s grosss originate from Licensing Agreements. Permitting Agreements are bundle understandings that organizations go into with Microsoft for the consent to place in and use Microsoft bundle in their anxiety. At the point when new bundle is accessible, the organization has a pick to recover their rent comprehension of utilization oth Er bundle, the last non being exorbitantly insightful. This carries me to the subjects of rivalry and dangers. Valid there is rivalry known to mankind of bundle, tonss of it. The greatest adversary with Microsoft is an organization called Red Hat. Red Hat fabricates a stage known as Linux. Linux is absolutely concern application bundle that is utilized by large organizations for actualizing stock rundown frameworks, databases, and the comparative. Another start of rivalry originates from an organization known as Novell. Novell is known for Novell Netware. This is concern application bundle that is utilized mainly in monetary foundations like Bankss and protections firm houses. This bundle is utilized for logging minutess at Bankss and protections firm houses, while keeping an inside web inside the organization. Red Hat and Novell only involve around 40 to fifty for each centum of the market divide joined. One ought to keep up in head that behind these two bundle stages is Microsoft s NT Server Client bundle driving the servers that permi t the organizations to use this bundle! Essentially, even idea there is rivalry, Microsoft still can determine a bit of the market partition by being one measure before its opposition. An enormous issue for Microsoft that is going a going threat to the organization is Software Piracy. Programming Piracy is submitted by doing illicit transcripts of the bundle and potentially in any event, selling it. This is an extremely normal act today with the ease of using a Cadmium burner. Truth be told, numerous worries work on illicit bundle, which in twist harms the grosss of Microsoft. Microsoft is directly dealing with plans that can non be replicated to clear plates so as to shield themselves from this danger. At present, any individual who realizes where to procure the bundle from illicit sites can download them entirely free. When this bundle is downloaded to a troublesome push, it very well may be kept in touch with a Cadmium thus re-composed, an unending figure of times from that one Cadmium that was initially utilized. It is obvious to see this can go rather destructive if non taken consideration of rapidly. This is especially finished with concerns. Be that as it ma y, they do buy one transcript of the bundle from Microsoft thus duplicate it onto the entirety of the processing machines in the workplace, in this manner rescuing themselves enormous entireties of cash. It is a demonstrated measurement that in certain organizations, there exists more than five 100 transcripts of illicit bundle that are being utilized in ordinary concern activity. It is anything but difficult to perceive how this can make a misfortune for Microsoft, no vulnerability that this activity will be settled in the great beyond. Another threat to Microsoft as I referenced before is the on-going Anti-trust case that is by and by pending. In this case, the specialists is looking to hinder up Microsoft into perhaps a figure of littler organizations, which would let for more rivalry to come in the market. Bill entryways considers this to be a superior opportunity to additionally broaden the line of product that Microsoft conveys. This will truly give Microsoft a superior chance to investigate various markets and potentially grow new stocks for Personal PC s and worries that will better empower different states to flourish. As the Chief official of my home, I have a truly included assurance to do. I feel that the most astute assurance would be to non get Microsoft. Microsoft is an organization that is a pioneer of bundle and is to the full settled and so as to have the option to take them over, my organization should have the option to go on what Microsoft began. My organization does non hold the kind of financess to have the option to take over Microsoft, nor do we hold the market top to cover a stock for stock buy. Nonetheless, there is one thought that I may do, that is, to sort out a joint endeavor with Microsoft. I feel that this will benefit us both from various perspectives. To begin with, our building can be joined so as to do the universes top bundle designer and producer that will occupied each division of the bundle business. Our manufacture workss can be merged and re-organized to reduce expenses, wile pleasing to create the new bundle line that my organization would introduce. Our bearing c rew can be re-organized as great with the goal that key arranging and dynamic will better actualize our new musings and mechanical progresss. At long last, our market segment will be enormously expanded as a result of the capacity to be presented to states that we are non by and by engaged with. I feel that a mix of our organizations would be likely the most great occasion that could occur in my organization. Microsoft has demonstrated itself to be the figure one bundle organization known to man ; together we would be relentless. One occupation with this joint endeavor would be the issue with the pending Anti-Trust case, which w

How I Self-Published My First Novel at the Age of 50

How I Self-Published My First Novel at 50 years old How I Self-Published My First Novel at 50 years old Andy Emeryâ writes quick paced spine chillers set in nineteenth Century London. Lucas Gedge, the hero of Blood Tribute,â had to hold up till Andy transformed 50 preceding he could go out into the world. In this visitor post, Andy uncovers what at long last made him take the jump and independently publish his introduction novel. Working with ReedsyIt was clear from the earliest starting point that I would need to enlist proficient assistance for two significant undertakings: structuring the front of my book, and altering. I figured everything out at an early stage, however what to do about the editing?I originally knew about Reedsy through an online class run by Nick Stephenson. The way that I could take advantage of countless potential editors, all screened by Reedsy and offering administrations from basic altering through to editing, and speak with them before settling on a decision, sounded great to me. Utilizing the Reedsy Marketplace is exceptionally direct. I discovered that I would require substance and duplicate altering followed by editing. At that point I experienced all the experts who appeared to adjust to my prerequisites and mentioned cites from five of them.I plumped for Andrew Lowe to do my substance and duplicate altering, for the most part since I loved the manner in which he depicted himse lf, his casual style, and let’s face it, the way that his charges were not extravagant. As a first-time author, I was anxious about the altering procedure. In any case, from the get-go in our first visit on Skype, Andrew set me straight. He appeared to 'get it',â regarding what I was attempting to accomplish, and his methodology, utilizing Skype meetings and casual email contacts, was viable. He clarified his proposed changes in a helpful and well disposed way.After executing Andrew’s transforms, I went straight on to rehash the procedure for editing, and this time picked Katherine Stephen, who again gave an extremely capable and proficient service.After designing the book, it was all set, and it was distributed on Amazon on July twelfth, 2016. It is not yet clear how it will do industrially, yet I’m in it for the long stretch, and I’m previously taking a shot at the second book in the arrangement. It’s been a wonderful procedure, and Reedsyâ€⠄¢s editors have been an essential piece of that.Blood Tribute is accessible on Amazon, get your duplicate here!Could your normal everyday employment likewise rouse a fabulous spine chiller? Head to the remarks area underneath and disclose to us your calling, too an ideaâ for a grasping story dependent on that activity.

Writing Contests Still Open in the Summer

Writing Contests Still Open in the Summer If youre looking for a writing contest to enter but have missed most of the spring deadlines, youre in luck! There are still several contests open for submission throughout the summer for writers seeking to compete with their best work. Below are some of the best weve found:The Tamaqua Award for a Collection of EssaysDeadline: September 30, 2018Entry Fee: $22.00 USDThe Tamaqua Award for a Collection of Essays is offered by Hidden River Arts and Hidden River Press, with the winner receiving $1,000. Hidden River Arts is an independent literary and performing arts organization based in Philadelphia that is dedicated to the service, support and celebration of all artists but seeks to serve the outsider artist. Prior publication is acceptable, as long as the journal or magazine it was published it does not own exclusive rights.This contest is international, but all entries must be in English. The editors accept simultaneous submissions but request that the author notify them if your work has been chosen to be published in another publication. To submit your original essays to this writing contest, youll need to complete an online application. Your submission must include your name, address, telephone number, email, website (if you have one), a brief biography, outline, full synopsis and full manuscript. According to the submission guidelines and disclosures, all awards are determined by Hidden River staff and winners (semi-finalists and finalists) will be announced on the Hidden River Arts blog.The Alcott Award for Young Adult FictionDeadline: October 15, 2018Entry Fee: NoneHidden River Arts and Hidden River Press also offer The Alcott Award, which is in its inaugural year in 2018. The winner will receive $1,000 and publication by Many Frog Press, an imprint of Hidden River Publishing. Writers should submit an unpublished, book-length work of Young Adult fiction featuring at least one strong female lead character. This competition is open to international submission s for all writers in English.All submissions must be made online and include name, address, telephone number, email, website (if you have one), a brief biography, outline, full synopsis and full manuscript. The contest disclosure states that simultaneous submissions are accepted and that all submissions will be considered for publication by Hidden River Publishing.Dzanc Books Nonfiction PrizeDeadline: September 30, 2018Entry Fee: $25.00 USDThis contest is awarded annually and is open for submissions this year from March 1st, 2018 through September 30th, 2018. The Dzanc Books Nonfiction contest seeks book-length works of nonfiction, including memoirs, essays, polemical writing, historical writing, and biography. The winning submission will receive an advance of $1,500 and publication in Fall 2019. The winner and finalists will be announced on November 15th.Dzanc Books Short Story Collection CompetitionDeadline: September 30, 2018Entry Fee: $25.00 USDThe Dzanc Books Short Story Collec tion Prize is for a book-length collection of short stories. This years contest will be judged by Emily Geminder, whose collection Dead Girls and Other Stories won the prize in 2016. The winner of this years competition be awarded a $2,500 advance and publication in Fall 2019 by Dzanc Books. The competitions rules state that it is open to new or established writers, as well as agented submissions. All submissions, however, must be previously unpublished. The winner and finalists will be announced on November 15th.Dzanc Books Prize for FictionDeadline: September 30, 2018Entry Fee: $25.00 USDThe Dzanc Books Prize for Fiction prides itself on recognizing daring, original, and innovative novels. The winner of this competition will receive a $5,000 advance and publication in Fall 2019 by Dzanc Books. For 2018, the judges will be: John Domini (Movieola! and The Sea-Gods Herb), Peter Stenson (Thirty-Seven), and Alice Hatcher, author of The Wonder That Was Ours, which was chosen as last yea rs winner.Whether you are a new, upcoming, agented, un-agented, or established writer, this contest is open for you to submit. The only requirement is that all works must be previously unpublished novel-length manuscripts and should include a brief synopsis, author bio, and contact information. Also, the contest judges as that you format your manuscript as a Word .doc or .docx file.The contest is open for submissions from March 1st, 2018 through midnight on September 30th, 2018, with finalist announced on the Dzanc web page on November 15th.ExOphidia Press Third Annual Poetry PrizeDeadline: August 31, 2018Entry Fee: $25.00 USDThe Third Annual Poetry Prize, offered by ExOphidia Press, is open to all English language authors who have a poetry book manuscript. Authors should submit a manuscript between 64 and 84 numbered pages, including the title page and the Table of Contents, and the manuscript should be single-spaced and a Word document. You should not include any illustrations or graphics, nor include your name anywhere within the manuscript. Manuscripts are accepted via Submittable and will be judged by Richard-Gabriel Rummonds, an internationally acclaimed author of 14 books and a former handpress printer.The Booksie 2018 Poetry ContestDeadline: September 30, 2018Entry Fee: $6.95 USDIf you think you should be crowned Poet Laureate of 2018, heres your opportunity (in Booksies world, at least). In addition to being crowned Booksie Gold Poet Laureate, the winner of The Booksie 2018 Poetry Contest will receive a $1,000 cash award, a Gold winner badge for their website, and one free week of boosts for their winning story (boosting features the story in front of Booksies millions of monthly readers). Additionally, two runner-ups will receive a cash prize of $150, a Silver winner badge for their website, and One week of boosts. Booksie is accepting poetry of any type, length or content, as long as its absolutely original. According to the website, theyre looking for everything from serious to whimsical, fact to fiction, and anything that strikes a chord with readers. Poets can submit as many entries as theyd like and judging will be done in rounds, with six finalists selected (five selected from the editorial team and a sixth selected by Booksie readers).The 2018 Quill Prose AwardDeadline: April 1 â€" August 31, 2018Entry Fee: $10.00 USDThe 2018 Quill Prose Award recipient will be awarded $1,000 and book publication through Red Hen Press, a small press committed to publishing works of literary excellence, supporting diversity, and promoting literacy in local schools. Submissions must be 150+ pages of prose written by a queer writer and will be Judged by David Francis. Past winners include 2017s The Falls of the Wyona by David Brendan Hopes and 2016s Scissors, Paper, Stone by Martha K. Davis.Wheelbarrow Books Poetry PrizeDeadline: October 1, 2018Entry Fee: $25.00 USDThe RCAH Center for Poetry at Michigan State University, in cooperation with the MSU Press, is accepting submissions for The 2018 Wheelbarrow Books Poetry Prize. A $1,000 award will be granted to the winner, in addition to publication in Spring 2020 under the Wheelbarrow Books imprint. This biannual poetry contest awards $1,000 and book publication to one established poet and one new poet annually. Submissions are now open to authors of at least one full-length collection of poetry.The FC2 Ronald Sukenick Innovative Fiction ContestDeadline: November 1, 2018Entry Fee: $25.00 USDIf you have not previously published, The FC2 Ronald Sukenick Innovative Fiction Contest is open to you through Fiction Collective Two. Manuscripts may include a collection of short stories, one or more novellas, or a novel of any length, even if it has been published in another magazine or anthology. Your manuscript must be anonymously submitted, and your name or address cannot appear anywhere on the manuscript. Pages should be numbered consecutively and all files should be uploaded as a MS Word document or PDF. Judges include: Jeffrey DeShell, Michael Mejia, Lance Olsen, Matthew Roberson, Joanna Ruocco, and Elisabeth Sheffield.Catherine Doctorow Innovative Fiction PrizeDeadline: November 1, 2018.Entry Fee: $25.00 USDIf you are a more established writer and have had at least three books of fiction published, this is the writing contest for you. The FC2 Catherine Doctorow Innovative Fiction Prize requires three previously published novels and submissions that may include a collection of short stories, one or more novellas, or a novel of any length. Manuscripts must be anonymously submitted, and the title page should contain the title of the manuscript only. Pages should be numbered consecutively. Files should be uploaded as a MS Word document or PDF. The winner, who will be announced in May 2019, will receive a $15,000 prize and and publication by FC2, an imprint of the University of Alabama Press. You dont have to worry about length as there is no requirement a nd if your work has previously been published (either self-published or otherwise), it will also be considered. Judges are Jeffrey DeShell, Noy Holland, Lance Olsen, Michael Mejia, Matthew Roberson, Joanna Ruocco, and Elisabeth Sheffield.

Same Sex Marriage Has Become Legal And The View On Lgbtq...

In eighteenth and nineteenth century Europe, also known as the Enlightenment Era, same sex behaviors were typically seen in a negative light. Sometimes even punished due to laws that were in place at the time, sodomy laws. Somewhere in the 1920s people began to assume that homosexuality could be changed through psychology. This movement was so popular at the time that even Freud stated that homosexuality could sometimes be removed through hypnotic suggestion. However, this fact was disproven by United States Surgeon General David Satcher in a report, â€Å"there is no valid scientific evidence that sexual orientation can be changed.† Since this time same-sex marriage has become legal and the view on LGBTQ seems to have shifted, at least in a majority. Each culture has its own beliefs and perceptions when it comes to homosexuality. In the United States, those perceptions differ between lesbian or gay, as parents, across cultures, and in education. When those with different perceptions get together, it could be beneficial to see things from the other’s point of view, or it could be detrimental and cause some sort of fight. However, the biggest detriment could be with the person who is a homosexual, negative effects on health and well-being of this individual. (American Psychological Association, 2008) The biggest concern has more to do with their significant mental health concerns that come with such a prejudice of the sexual orientation discrimination. (American PsychologicalShow MoreRelatedGay Rights And Gender Rights1219 Words   |  5 PagesWhile the Lesbian, Bi-sexual, Gay, Transgender, Queer (LGBTQ) community have seen many gains in relation to discrimination and their rights being recognized since the 1960’s, it is only in the past few years that this community have seen some significant gains as it relates to their rights to marriage. This is both function and interest community as they are fighting for their equal rights. The historical same-sex marriage legislation as it relates to, in Canadian history from 2005 will be the topicRead MoreWhy Should Pass The Bills And Policies That Promote Equal Treatment Of Equality917 Words   |  4 Pagesbisexual, transgender, and the queer (LGBTQ) community has been trending across nations. People refer to fundamental human rights like the freedom of speech and association, liberty, and equal treatment in court as civil rights, because they are fundamental rights that each and every citizen should not be denied on the basis of their sex, race, or religious belief. Though it has been proven that homosexuality – the sexual desire for those of the same sex as oneself – has existed since humans have begunRead MoreDiscrimination Towards The Lgbtq Community1483 Words   |  6 PagesApril 2017 Discrimination Towards the LGBTQ Community We as a society are not doing enough to end the discrimination in the LGBTQ ( Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, and Queer) community . There is no reason to discriminate someone for what they do behind closed doors and they should keep their negative words and actions to themselves. No one no matter what they believe in should be discriminated against. Just because someone who is attracted to the same sex or is transgender they should not beRead MoreAmy And Lin Have Recently Become Friends After Working1059 Words   |  5 PagesAmy and Lin have recently become friends after working together on a project at work. They often accompany each other to get coffee at a nearby cafe on their breaks and sometimes on the weekend. Although Amy and Lin tend to get along quite well with each other, from time to time their views on certain ethical topics conflict. PERSONS OF THE DIALOGUE: Amy and Lin SCENE: Cafe near their workplace on a weekend AMY: It’s quite rare for you to be late to our regular coffee dates. LIN: I’m sorry aboutRead MoreMisogyny And Homophobia1171 Words   |  5 Pagesthe concept of fatherhood and the virtues of man. This notion of man having the virtue to rule better than women serves as the root for the misogynistic and homophobic views of society. Patriarchy and the power man holds in society, functions to simultaneously keep people blind to its effects while oppressing women and the LGBTQ community legally, financially, and socially through a government that rules based on gender as a result of a social construct. Gender inequality is a result of the socialRead MoreIntroduction. Homoesexuality For Decades Has Been A Topic1969 Words   |  8 PagesIntroduction Homoesexuality for decades has been a topic of hidden discussion, it seems as though historically no one really wanted to talk about this topic, and it was seen as deviant and inappropriate to speak about. It has always been condemned and put aside in attempt to say it would be dealt with in due time (Kitzinger, 2005). For many, their love life works as follows: falling in love, then marriage, then kids and whatever comes after, but as easy as it sounds to have this be done, it is easierRead MoreThe Civil Rights Act Of 1964880 Words   |  4 Pagesfor several minority groups, including African Americans, women in the workforce, and LGBTQ people. While there have been significant steps towards equality through the passing of laws and court case hearings, challenges remain. Violence, unequal pay, and the struggle of finding balance between conflicting viewpoints are still being faced by Americans today. (Tiona/Claire) Equality for African Americans has made remarkable progress since the approval of the Civil Rights Act, but discriminationRead MoreThe Prohibition Of Same Sex Marriage1326 Words   |  6 PagesGrisales, Estefania Philosophy Paper Tuesday, Thursday 11:15 AM Why Should People Interfere in Someone Else’s Decision of Who to Love?: Same-Sex Marriage In this paper, I argue against the prohibition of same-sex marriage. To begin, the prohibition is a violation of personal freedom. We should respect the freedom each human has to choose who they want to love and who they want to spend their lives with; why should it be somebody else’s decision when is a personal life. Furthermore, it is importantRead MoreThe Presidential Election Of 20161173 Words   |  5 Pagesis too choose from has given many people the opportunity to find a candidate that if elected will handle all their wants and needs. As the United States progresses and makes many new changes, such as the legalization of gay marriage and the slow legalization of marijuana in some states, Americans need someone they can trust. Americans need a president whose views on big ticket issues will allow the country to continue to make these big changes and help the United States become stronger than everRead MoreThe, Gender, And Gender Equality974 Words   |  4 Pagestheir gender identity doesn’t correspond with his or her biological sex. Doctors diagnosis this uneasy feeling about one’s gender as Gender Dysphoria. Often time’s he or she might undergo sex reassignment surgery to physically become his or her desired gender. Like every other citizen in the United States, transgenders are entitled to a series of rights. However, a transgender’s inconsistency in the presentation between biological sex and gender expression is usually not tolerated by others† (D’Augellia

Case Study Apple Inc. Essay - 1393 Words

Introduction In April 1976 Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniak and Ronald Wayne founded Apple. It was established in a car garage, 40 years later the same company is generating annually $233 billion in revenue. Apple Inc. provides the world with electronic devices such as the IPhone, IMac and IPod. Apple has been in in the limelight in recent time about unethical treatment of workers within its workplace. Within Chinese factories, which are contracted by Apple in order to produce nearly all of its products, workers have been pushed to the point of taking their own lives whilst on the job. This has placed a burden over one of the globes largest and trusted companies. Apple has taken action in order to rectify this issue and ensure that its organisation is ensuring the treatment of fair worker and safe working condition. Enclosed within the assignment are remedies/actions that I believe, as a student inIssue in International Business would further address the issue that is faced within Apple Inc. 1) What is the issue and how did the issue impact the firm’s international business? Apple produced and sold 231.19 million IPhones in the fiscal year of 2015, but all these IPhones come at a cost. In Apples case the cost these phones came at was â€Å"14 workers killed themselves at Apple s biggest supplier, Foxconn.† (Bilton, 2014) Apple could not ignore the issue anymore as the death of employees was tipping point of breaking Apples silence in solving the issue. Being recognised as one ofShow MoreRelatedCase Study : Apple Inc.1349 Words   |  6 Pages Case Analysis: APPLE INC.: IPODS AND ITUNES Donna Martinelli TEXAS CHRISTIAN UNIVERSITY September 3, 2014 Table of Contents Executive Summary..................................................................................................3 Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..3 Defining the Challenge...............................................................................................3 Analyzing the case data....................Read MoreCase Study : Apple Inc. Essay1422 Words   |  6 PagesCase Study: Apple Apple Inc. focuses on the design, manufacture, and marketing of personal computers, mobile phones, multimedia devices, and portable music players. Apple Inc. offers consumers manufactured goods under the brand names Apple Watch, iPhone, iPad, Mac, iPod, and Apple TV. Enhancing the customer experience through their proprietary software applications iOS, X, OS, and watchOS brands; and services across their Apple Pay and iCloud products (Forbes.com, 2016). Explored in detail, Apple’sRead MoreApple Inc. Case Study1494 Words   |  6 PagesApple Inc. Case Study TABLE OF CONTENTS COMPANY OVERVIEW General Description Historical Outline Industry Current Challenges Ethics and Responsibility STRATEGIC INFORMATION Mission Statement Competition SWOT Analysis HISTORICAL FINANCIAL ANALYSIS Historical Financial Information Competitive Financial Analysis Summary FUTURE PLANS Competitive Advantage Recent Performance Business Environment Recommendations Zackery Butler, Connor Daugherty, Stanashia Davis, Gabrielle Drohan, and Lauren SpearsRead MoreCase Study : Apple Inc.1971 Words   |  8 PagesCritical Essay Introduction Apple Inc. is a globally recognised pioneer in the tech industry. It is a corporation that designs, develops and sells electronic products such as tablets, computers and phones. Founded by Ronald Wayne, Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak in 1976, it is a multinational corporation with headquarters in Cupertino, California. Tim Cook has been CEO since Jobs’ passing in 2011. Labour conditions Despite its global recognition and status, Apple Inc. has come under scrutiny in recentRead MoreCase Study : Apple Inc.2083 Words   |  9 PagesBackground This paper presents a case study of Apple Inc. Apple Inc. is a technology based corporation with emphasis on computer software and hardware (MAC and Apps), tablets (IPad), smart phones (IPhone), and mp3 plays, (ITouch). Apple Inc. has grown tremendously over the years and ever since 2001 has expanded its brand and retail stores to over 375 stores/outlets globally. The business has seventy two thousand eight hundred employees in thirty eight countries. Apple Inc. has truly become one of theRead MoreCase Study : Apple Inc. Essay6014 Words   |  25 PagesIntroduction On a daily basis we all encounter all forms of technology. There are several technological corporations in the current industry but one stands out†¦.Apple Inc. Apple Inc. is an international corporation, situated in Cupertino, California. The company designs, manufactures and markets consumer electronics and computer software products. Apple is well known for its hardware products such as Macintosh computers, the iPod, the iPhone and its innovative software such as the Mac OS X operating systemRead MoreCase Study : Apple Inc.1943 Words   |  8 Pages Apple Inc was incorporated in 1977 by Steve Wozniak and Steve Jobs. As a startup company Apple Inc went through several management changes and conflicts which caused the company to lose some of its competitive advantage against companies like Dell, Gateway and Microsoft. The company designs and manufactures various products in the computer and music industry. Apple being strictly a personal computer company decided to venture into marketing other products like the iPod, a digital music player, andRead MoreApple Inc Case Study851 Words   |  4 PagesApple inc. 1) Introduction Background and summary This article present the story of Steve Jobs and it’s Apple company through two aspects. From the company history perspective and the product industry perspective. On company history side: Apple was founded by two Steves. Apple board later fired Jobs and gradually went near bankruptcy. Till 1997, Apple brought back Jobs and became the most valuable company in the world in 2012. On the product industry side, Article dig into the fieldRead MoreCase Study : Apple Inc.1417 Words   |  6 Pageschanged the world with Apple Inc Company. Both of them was out of college, they were making so much money in the computer company Apple was started with introduction of computer I computer on April 1, 1976. Apple was incorporated January 3, 1977. The Apple II was introduced on April 16, 1977 at the first West Coast computer Faire. The Apple II was chosen to be the desktop platform for the ground breaking use call spreadsheet program. He was created a business market for the Apple II and gave home usersRead MoreCase Study : Apple Inc.1732 Words   |  7 PagesApple Inc. is a California based company that was incorporated in 1977. According to University of Oregon Investment Group, â€Å"Apple operates out of 8 different segments: Desktops, Portables, iPod, iPhone, iPad, other music related products and services, peripherals and other hardware, software, service and oth er sales† (2012). According to the company’s 2013 10-K, â€Å"Apple sells its products worldwide through its retail stores, online stores, and direct sales force, as well as through third-party cellular

Teaching and learning of Addition and subtraction Free Essays

This assignment will look into the patterned advance in the instruction and acquisition of add-on and minus from baby’s room to twelvemonth 4 sing the â€Å" understanding diagram † , theoretical accounts for add-on and minus, oral/mental and written methods, resources used, larning facts and the utilizing and applying/problem work outing method. One manner that kids learn about add-on is through practical experience. In mundane life people are adding by uniting two or more sets of objects. We will write a custom essay sample on Teaching and learning of Addition and subtraction or any similar topic only for you Order Now The same can be said for minus. Children learn that by taking a peculiar figure of objects from a group it ever leaves the same figure of objects eg. 4-1 is ever 3. This is the manner kids foremost learn about add-on and minus. For many kids, they begin to understand the construct of adding when learn figure vocals in their early instruction. It is really of import to supply kids with good practical experiences in order to assist them larn. It is besides critical to pattern the right linguistic communication so the kids themselves are able to get it. This gives them a good foundation as they move farther through the instruction system. Whilst kids are in a Nursery scene or a Reception category they will be following the Early Years Foundation Stage ( EYFS ) papers. Within this papers there are 6 countries of acquisition. The country of larning concentrating on the development of mathematical accomplishments is called Problem Solving, Reasoning and Numeracy. Within that country there are specific countries sing add-on and minus. Once kids enter Year 1 they will be following the National Curriculum. Although this is the statutory papers instructors frequently use the Primary National Strategies papers to be after and present lessons. This papers breaks down the aims of the National Curriculum to offer a more focused attack to learning and acquisition. Early Old ages The instruction of add-on and minus in a baby’s room scene is based on mundane state of affairss and practical activities. Counting vocals is a common manner of reenforcing Numberss and presenting simple add-on and minus. For illustration, five small ducks. This is a good illustration of a manner that simple add-on and minus is introduced and reinforced in a nursery scene. The kids shortly learn that 5 take off 1 is 4, that 4 take off 1 is 3 etc and that 0 add 5 is 5. The right linguistic communication can be modelled so the kids learn what linguistic communication to utilize when they do activities for themselves. Games are besides a good manner of presenting or reenforcing add-on and minus. Some games are non needfully made for add-on and minus but it can be encouraged. When inquiring the kids to compare the sum of Numberss each of them has, by inquiring the kids inquiries, ‘How many more do you hold? ‘ , ‘How many less do you hold? ‘ . The kids will be working with little Numberss and will shortly be able to state how many less they have merely by hearing the two Numberss alternatively of holding to number them. Simple boundaries within the schoolroom are another manner of promoting the usage of add-on and minus. Where merely a certain sum of kids are allowed in each country at a clip and the kids have to maintain path of how many there should be, how many less or how many more? The foundation phase introductory battalion offers thoughts for activities for the different countries of larning set out in the EYFS. When looking at add-on and minus in a Nursery puting the papers offers activities for comparing two groups of objects, demoing that when you split a group of four the sum is the same and happening the entire figure of objects in two groups. Each of these activities uses physical objects in order to show the mathematical regulation. They use resources such as the figure line, plastic coins and serpents. For immature kids in peculiar good resources are indispensable in order to prosecute the kids and efficaciously learn them about add-on and minus. In the response papers activities for looking at presenting jobs such as ‘how many will at that place be when one more†¦ .. ? ‘ , promoting the kids to state the figure that is one more than a given figure and giving chances for kids to happen one more or less than a figure up to 10s are offered. Again, merely as in the baby’s room, each of these activities involves physical experiences and the activities are games to learn and reenforce the mathematical regulations for these facets of add-on and minus. Although the chief papers for Nursery scenes and Reception is the EYFS the Primary Framework wants to promote the facet of utilizing and using mathematics. The utilizing and using mathematics strand has five subjects with patterned advance being built into each subject from the foundation phase right up to twelvemonth 6. The three subdivisions of ‘using and using ‘ in the National Curriculum programmes of survey are straight related. Within the foundation phase, within the work outing jobs subdivision it states that kids will be utilizing their developing mathematical thoughts and methods so they can to work out practical jobs. Therefore, any jobs they are given related to add-on and minus they will be able to work out given their anterior cognition. Year 1- Year 4 From Year 1 to twelvemonth 4 it becomes more in deepness and references add-on and minus specifically. For Year 1 kids they will be work outing jobs affecting ‘counting, adding, deducting, duplicating or halving in the context of Numberss, steps or money ‘ , for illustration to ‘pay ‘ and ‘give alteration ‘ . This means that a batch of the concrete experiences they have will be based around stores in their function play country in order to give the kids a more existent experience of numbering money and holding to make add-on or minus within those scenarios. Year two is much the same merely with the add-on of holding to multiply and split in the contexts of ‘numbers, steps or lbs and pence ‘ . Year three is a little measure up from this with the kids holding to take which computations to utilize and to transport them out themselves. Therefore they must make up one’s mind whether it is right to add, deduct, split or multiply. Year 4 is non excessively different merely they will be larning how to utilize reckoner methods where appropriate. When kids have to work out jobs or they are asked to follow a ‘line of question ‘ , they will be demoing their thoughts, utilizing Numberss, symbols or diagrams. They will besides be involved in concluding and foretelling and pass oning those consequences, either orally or in authorship. The ‘understanding diagram ‘ put frontward by Haylock and Cockburn, shows the different facets of mathematical acquisition that are needed in order for a kid to be competent and confident in this country. One of the major parts of the diagram is concrete experiences. The instructor needs to finish undertakings themselves and utilize a scope of resources in their instruction. By making such activities it enables the kids to better retrieve what they have been taught as they are able to associate it to a physical memory. It besides allows the kids and the instructor to prosecute in duologue more easy. During these activities it is besides of import for the instructor to mode the linguistic communication they want the kids to take on and to utilize the right symbols themselves to promote the kids to make the same. Written and oral/mental methods for add-on and minus are another two of import facets of mathematical development. Oral and mental work in mathematics is indispensable. Early practical, unwritten and mental work, that is carried out in the foundation phases, is the footing for supplying kids with a good apprehension of how the four operations build on numeration attacks and a secure cognition of topographic point value and figure facts. Subsequently on their instruction kids must be able to recognize how these map s relate to each other and how the regulations can be used and applied. Oral and mental work is non merely something to be used in the beginning of instruction but must be continued to supply pattern and consolidation of these thoughts. Children must be given the chance to use the information they have learned and to do the correct determinations for themselves. To be able to cipher mentally needs an apprehension of figure forms and relationships that are developed through inquiring, the usage of theoretical accounts and images and the application of acquired figure cognition and accomp lishments. Children must hold the ability to remember figure facts immediately in order to cipher mentally. In twelvemonth 2 this would be ‘all add-on and minus facts for each figure to at least 10 ‘ . For twelvemonth 3 it would be ‘sums and differences of multiples of 10 ‘ and for twelvemonth 4, ‘the generation facts up to 10Ãâ€"10 ‘ . There must besides be an ability to utilize taught schemes in order to work out the computation. For illustration, in twelvemonth 1, to be able to ‘recognise that add-on can be done in any order and utilize this to add mentally a one-digit figure or a multiple of 10 to a one-digit or two-digit figure ‘ . To be able to ‘partition two-digit Numberss in different ways including into multiples of 10 and 1 and add the 10s and 1s individually and so recombine them ‘ in twelvemonth 2. In twelvemonth 5, to be able to ‘apply mental methods in particular instances ‘ . Finally the ability to ‘understand how the regulations and Torahs of arithmetic are used and applied ‘ . For illustration, ‘to add or subtract mentally combinations of one-digit and two-digit Numberss ‘ in twelvemonth 3 and to ‘calculate mentally with whole Numberss and decimals ‘ in twelvemonth 6. The written methods for add-on come in 4 phases and the purpose is that kids are able to utilize the mental methods where they can but when they ca n’t make computations in their caput. They can utilize an efficient written method accurately and with assurance. Children need to cognize at least one efficient written method for add-on that they feel confident utilizing if they ca n’t make the computation in their caput. The undermentioned phases show how the kids are able to construct up to utilize an efficient written method for add-on of whole Numberss by the terminal of twelvemonth 4. In order for the kids to add successfully they need to cognize some basic accomplishments which are ; ‘to recall all add-on braces to 9+9 and regards in 10 ‘ , ‘to add mentally a series of one-digit Numberss ‘ , ‘to add multiples of 10 or of 100 utilizing the related add-on fact ‘and ‘their cognition of topographic point value and to partition two-digit and three-digit Numberss into multiples of 100, 10 and 1 ‘ in different ways. Stage one of the written methods involve the usage of the empty figure line. Children need to be able to divide Numberss in different ways instead than ever into 10s and 1s to assist them do multiples of 10 by adding in stairss. The empty figure line is a manner of assisting them to enter their stairss when ciphering the sum. Phase 2 involves partitioning so that mental methods can be recorded. The 10s and 1s are added to organize partial amounts and those partial amounts are added together. The 3rd phase is the expanded method in columns where the kids move on to a layout that shows the add-on of the 10s and the 1s individually. As kids become more confident they can get down by adding the 1s instead than the 10s. This method leads kids to the more tight method so that they understand its construction and efficiency. The 4th and concluding phase is the column method. In this method, there is even less entering to make. The carried figures are noted below the line, either in 10s or in 100s and non in 1s. This can be made more ambitious. The kids can travel on to add three two-digit Numberss, two three-digit Numberss and Numberss of different sums of figures. The written methods for minus come in three phases. The purpose is the same as for the written methods of add-on and once more the phases show how the kids are able to construct up an efficient minuss of whole Numberss by the terminal of twelvemonth 4. In order to be able to deduct successfully the kids need to be able to ‘recall all add-on and minus facts to twenty ‘ , ‘subtract multiples of 10 utilizing the related minus fact and their cognition of topographic point value ‘ and ‘partition two-digit and three-digit Numberss into multiples of one hundred, ten and one ‘ in different ways. Phase one, merely as in add-on involves the usage of the empty figure line, which helps the kids to record and subsequently explicate the stairss they haven taken in their mental minus. After the kids have practiced this method for a piece they wo n’t necessitate to enter as much information. They will necessitate to make up one’s mind whether to number back or up. It is utile to inquire the kids if numbering up or back is better for certain computations. The mental method of numbering up from smaller to larger Numberss can be recorded by figure lines or in perpendicular columns. The kids will necessitate to be able to, when covering with two-digit Numberss, to cipher the replies mentally. With three-digit Numberss the Numberss of stairss can be reduced, provided that kids are able to work out replies to computations mentally. The numbering up method is a good option for those kids whose advancement is slow. Phase 2 involves partitioning. Subtraction can either be recorded utilizing partitioning to compose tantamount computations that can be carried out mentally. The 3rd and concluding phase is the expanded layout taking to the column method. Partitioning the Numberss into 10s and 1s and composing one under the other mirrors the column method. This does non straight link to mental methods of numbering back or up but parallels the breakdown method for add-on. This besides relies on secure mental accomplishments. Decision Children construct on their anterior cognition to come on with their mathematical accomplishments. They all start with practical experiences and changeless exposure to add-on and minus. All kids need to develop sound mental accomplishments in order to develop their written accomplishments. They have to larn the basic regulations for add-on and minus to come on with the written methods. How to cite Teaching and learning of Addition and subtraction, Essay examples

Powerpoint presention Essay Example

Powerpoint presention Essay This is a Powerpoint presention named KS3 Strategy presentation. When I firstly opened it, I had found it in the 97-2003 Presentation format. This is a powerpoint presentation made up of exactly 14 slides. It was given to me by my teacher, we just had to upload it from Fronter. The presentation has different types of informations, which could help them to solve different problems such as: helping under-achieving students, this could be done by helping them through whiechever way is best for the students and for the teachers.The target audience for this product has to be teachers. The target audience can be found by looking carefully at certain aspects of the whole presentation. For example, in the whole presentation, the background is made up of a patterned pale green colour, which remains constant throughout the whole presentation. This shows us that its not actually suitable for children. This presentation has been created to give an overview about the different strategies that exists, the way they could be tackled, an overview of the national numbers, comparing datas and finally how parents and carers could do to help their children. This presentation is simple, this is effective because it gives straight bullet points, nothing too complicated for the teachers, however there are a few words that could be misunderstood due to the fact that they are not common words used every day, an example for this would be Dissemination. We will write a custom essay sample on Powerpoint presention specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Powerpoint presention specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Powerpoint presention specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Images and animations There are no photographs or cliparts in this Powerpoint presentation. The good side for this is that cliparts are not actually suitable for this kind of presentation, adults are not too keen on seeing cliparts, it might be childish for them. The presentation also goes straight to the point, so no need for pictures. However the not so good feature could be that even adults can get bored sometimes, so without pictures it would make the whole presentation even boring. Appropriate photographs of students and teachers working together could be included. There are no buttons found on this Powerpoint presentation. The good side for this is that its simple so it gets straight to the point. If the buttons were childish then they might not blend in with the rest of the presentation. However the not so good features is that simple buttons could actually look more professional. They dont have to be in colour due to the fact that adults might not be too keen to see colourful buttons and it might not blend in with the background colour. There are no animations found on this presentation. The good side for this is that its again simple, so it gets straight to the point, it looks more professional without having animations runnning all over th screens. It could also help parents to concentrate and follow what is being shown. However the not so good features is that suitable animations could actually help parents to lose concentration. They might be too colourful and inaproppriate, in other words, too childish.There were no drawn or computer graphics, the good side for this is that computer graphics, whatever the information might be, is seen as something little children do, it looks unprofessional and so theres change again for the parents to actually loose concentration. Colour, text and information The colours used in this presentation is very limited. In this presentation, the background colour is a pale green patterned colour. In the text, the titles and sub-titles are in green, the normal writing has been written in black. The good features for this is that it does look professional and suitable for the target audience, it doesnt have too many colours. On the other hand, the not so good features is that, just green and black could actually make the audience lose their concentration. It has nothing attractive to it.The text body throughout the presentation has been written in Times New Roman, font size 28. The good feature is that its visible even from a far distance, so an appropriate font has been chosen. However, there are words that might be not be clearly understood, an example for this could be the word dissemination. Some teachers might know what it means but I dont think that they would have really understood its meaning. The other thing is that there are a few spelling mistakes in the presentation, and this makes the prensentation look unprofessional. An example for a mis-written word is that underattainers. The information and the way it had been laid out, does look professional. The good features are that they have been bullet-pointed so its simple and goes straight to the point. On the other hand, the not so good feature is that uncommon words have been used, so the audience might not fully understand what is being shown. Sound, video and navigation There are no sounds in this presentation. The good features is that that it looks more professional without music and sounds. It is actually more suitable for the target audience this way. However, the not so good feature is that without music the presentation looks kind of tedious which might again make the teachers lose their interest in what is being shown. There are no videos in this presentation but a video is being mentioned on slide 11. This is a good feature because it attracts the readers attention again after some texts. However the not so good features is that there are no links linking the video to the presentation. This may be seen as unprofessional. Theres actually nothing but the mouse clicks that actually lead you from one slide to another when on full screen mode, this is one of the put-downs. The other not so good feature is that it looks simple, nothing effective to keep tha audience or teachers mind focus on the prensetation. On the other hand, without any type of navigation and just simple clicks, it makes it more simple and makes it look more professional. Overall summary: The presentation is suitable for its target audience, however in my opinion, there are a few changes that could be made to improve the whole presentation. There are a few obvious mistakes that could actually be spotted by teachers and which could lead them to confusion. A few of the major mistakes are that: the contents page is found on slide 12, 2 slides before the end, when it should have been found slide 2 after the title page. Another mistake is that slide 5, has a title News from the LEA but thats about it. Theres no body text and no pictures or anything. It is effective and in my opinion the number of types of elements used is appropriate. However there could have been a few pictures inserted with a video or a video link as it was suggested. This would have grabbed the audiences focus from time to time. It does meet its aim and it is suitable for its target audience. However there a few things that could have been changed to make the whole presentation more effective, a few of those improvements are: adding a few pictures, have the slides in the right order, have no speeling mistakes and make sure that no hard words are used so that it meets its aim, if noone understands the words, then the text would not be understood, this means that the message would not effectively go through to the audience and so will not achieve its aim. The presentation does describe its purpose and who will benefit from it, but however as I had mentioned earlier on, the slides arent in the right order so it actually confuses the audience about what it what. If the slides were put in the right order and simple vocabulary was used, then everything would be clearly understood. This is a presentation and most teachers do know how to use it, and introductory tip could actually be a put-down for the whole presentation. Powerpoint presentations do not usually need introductory tips, if any of the audience was stuck somewhere they could ask questions or check on the Microsoft help search engine. The presentation has been arranged in a very confusing manner, theres also a slide with no body text on, which makes the presentation even more confusing. The contents page can also be found on slide 12 when it should have been on page 2. This actually gets the audience confused, so if it was put there for a purpose then it should have probably been stated more clearly. The aims have been partially met but theres spave for more improvements such as arranging it in order, addind pictures or a video, no spelling mistakes and so on. The aims have been partially met like Ive said before, this is because even though the order is not logical, the text is still there, it is simple and understandable, in most occasions, in some slides it wasnt really clear. Some slides are not in a logical order, some have spelling mistakes, not even one picture or a video had been included, the vocabulary is sometimes too firm and hard to understand. If these changes were made, then the aims would have been fully met.

Liminal Is Not a Fancy Word

Liminal Is Not a Fancy Word â€Å"Liminal† Is Not a â€Å"Fancy Word† â€Å"Liminal† Is Not a â€Å"Fancy Word† By Maeve Maddox The other morning I heard someone on NPR use the word liminal. He immediately referred to it apologetically as â€Å"a fancy word.† Granted, liminal is not an everyday word, but it is one that adult readers encounter if they progress very far beyond the Ayres List. (The Extended Ayres List is a list of 1500 of the most common words, ranked by difficulty. It’s widely used as a spelling and vocabulary benchmark in US schools.) A cursory Web search indicates that the NPR announcer is not alone in feeling he must apologize for using the word liminal. The following examples are typical: Liminal  is a  fancy word  for having to do with a boundary. The academics have a  fancy word  for this space; they call it the â€Å"liminal†.   Liminal is a fancy word that means â€Å"1: of or relating to a sensory threshold; 2:  barely perceptible; 3: of, relating to, or being an intermediate state, phase, or condition:  in-between,  transitional.† The noun liminality gets the same treatment: Liminality is a fancy word meaning â€Å"a place of in-between-ness. The adjective liminal and the noun liminality are used with specialized meanings in psychology and cultural anthropology, but the words have found their way into the general vocabulary and have been in frequent use at least since the 1980s. Here are the general-purpose definitions: liminal adjective: characterized by being on a boundary or threshold, especially by being transitional or intermediate between two states or situations. liminality noun: a transitional or indeterminate state between stages of a person’s life; an indeterminate state between different spheres of existence. At least some writers targeting a popular audience are able to use liminal without apology: He’s wrecked, too, by his liminal  ­racial status: His father was an Irishman, his mother was black and he comfortably claims neither.- The NY Times. They [people mistakenly declared dead by government bureaucracy] basically can end up like Tom Hanks in â€Å"The Terminal,† wandering around in terrible liminal state of boredom and frustration, except without Catherine Zeta Jones for company.- The Washington Post film  noir occupies a  liminal  space somewhere between Europe and America, between high modernism and â€Å"blood melodrama,† and between low-budget crime movies and art cinema. More than Night: Film Noir in Its Contexts, James Naremore, University of California Press. Knowing the etymology of liminal makes it especially easy to learn. It derives from limen, the Latin word for threshold, the narrow part of a doorway that lies between two rooms or between the outside and the inside of a house. A person standing framed in a doorway is â€Å"in a liminal state† between larger spaces intended to be occupied. Words represent meaning. Some are more common in general usage than others, but any reader can learn any word. I don’t think that liminal is harder to learn than any other word that has entered the general vocabulary from the sciences. I’ve never noticed a speaker or a writer refer to neurotic or psychotic as â€Å"fancy words.† Writers who apologize for using unfamiliar words seem to assume that their readers are ignorant and wish to remain that way. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Compared "to" or Compared "with"?Whenever vs. When EverUsing "May" in a Question

What Is a Pell Grant

What Is a Pell Grant SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips You might have heard about the federal Pell Grant and have some idea that it helps you pay for college. But you might not know the details, like how much you can get, whether you qualify, and how to apply. If you're looking for information financial aid, you should definitely learn about the Pell Grant. This annual award is given by the federal government to students who need help paying for college - if you meet all eligibility criteria, you're guaranteed to receive the money. Sounds like a great deal! In this guide,we'll cover the basic info about what a Pell Grant is, including: The history of the Pell Grant Award amounts What you can use Pell Grant money for Eligibility requirements Calculating your estimated award amount How to apply for a Pell Grant We'll explain each of these in more detail in separate guides that we'll link to, but this will give you a great overview of how Pell Grants work. History of the Pell Grant It wasn't always possible to get federal financial aid;there weren't many options for students who needed help paying for school outside of scholarships and private loans. This didn't present much of a problem for students who came from wealthier families, but the cost of higher education tended to prevent low- and middle-income students from attending college. During Lyndon B. Johnson's presidency, Congress passed the Higher Education Act of 1965, or the HEA. The HEA program provided federally-funded financial aid, in the form of grants and loans, to students who needed help paying for college or vocational school. Politicians reasoned that oneway to ensure better educational opportunities forcitizens was to mitigate financial burdens; why should motivated students be prevented from pursuing an education, if the only thing holding them back was cost? In 1972, Senator Claiborne Pell worked to expand and reform the HEA.Eligibility requirements for federal grants (formerly called Basic Educational Opportunity grants) were made more inclusive in 1978, and were renamed in honor of Senator Pell. Pell Grants have become an important financial aid foundation for many students across the US. The first year that grants were awarded, there were 176,000 recipients; for the 2013-2014 academic year, over 8.5 million students received almost 23 BILLIONdollars in Pell Grant money, with an average award amount of about $3,600! You could be one of those 8.5 million, and the Pell Grant amount will surely help you pay for college. Claiborne Pell, federal aid champion Pell Grant Award Amounts The amount of grant money students receive is based on a few different factors (which we'll touch on in a minute). For the 2015-2016 academic year, the maximum Pell Grant award is $5,775; the amount you'll receive if you're eligible will depend on financial need, and may be less than that. You can learn more about Pell Grant minimum/maximum awards here. What Does the Pell Grant Pay For? Because the Pell Grant is meant specifically to help students pay for school, it can only be used for school-related expenses (this does not come as a surprise, I'm sure). These expenses can include tuition, room, board, and school fees, but they can also include textbooks, supplies, transportation, and even food. Yes, the federal government could potentially fund late-night study fuel in the form of greasy pizza and/or energy drinks. Video games, not so much. You may not have to worry about managing your Pell Grant money, though. Oftentimes, it will go directly to your school, and will be applied to appropriate charges - most likely the big ones like tuition, room, and board expenses. You can get more information about Pell Grant limits here. As exciting as it may be to pay for your own textbooks, wouldn't it be great if you didn't have to? Eligibility Requirements Because the Pell Grant is a form of federal aid, you need to meet all federal requirements in order to be eligible to receive the grant. Basically, you need to have a high school diploma or GED, be a citizen or US national, and be enrolled (or accepted) in an eligible school. You can read more about the specifics of Pell eligibility requirements here. The Pell Grant is meant primarilyfor low-income students who don't already have a post-secondary degree (so, a bachelor's or vocational degree). Financial need is calculated by generating something called an Expected Family Contribution, or EFC; to receive the Pell for the 2015-2016 academic year, your EFC needs to be at or below $5081.Don't know what an EFC is? Don't worry - it's all explained in the next section. How to Calculate Your Estimated Award Amount It's possible to calculate how much Pell Grant money you're likely to receive before you even apply for federal aid. All you need is your family's financial information - you can get this from recent tax returns - in addition to information about your household size, family assets, and number of other family members in college. Go to this link, click onFAFSA4caster, and follow the prompts. The output will include Pell Grant estimates, in addition to other federal aid program estimates. Get more information about calculating your award by checking out our Pell Grant Calculator guide. Analyzing family finances can seem overwhelming, but I promise that calculating financial aid eligibility isn't this complicated. How to Apply for a Pell Grant There's no specific or dedicated application for the Pell Grant; you're automatically considered when you submit your Free Application for Federal Student Aid, or FAFSA.The FAFSA is totally free to submit (as you may have guessed). Even if you don't think you'll receive Pell Grant money, you have nothing to lose by submitting a FAFSA. You can submit a FAFSA online here, or you can get a paper application from your school's guidance office. The application shouldn't take more than a few hours, but preparing to fill out the application (for example, gathering all the necessary paperwork and setting a timeline) can be confusing without a game plan. Get step-by-step instructions for submitting your FAFSA here What's Next? There are other opportunities to get help paying for school outside of federal financial aid. Did you know that you can receive scholarships based on your SAT scores? Learn more about getting top test scores here. Merit-based scholarships can also close the gap between what you owe and what you need. Doing well in school can get you access to those scholarships. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points?We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

What is DNA Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

What is DNA - Research Paper Example Scientists have played a great role in this progress as it is due to their efforts that the understanding of the human body has become possible. DNA which is a biochemical substance in the human body is one such example. Following the understanding of DNA, it has become an important tool used by forensic experts and it has become an important part of the criminal justice system. DNA which stands for deoxyribonucleic acid is a biochemical molecule that is basically made up of two DNA chains that are complementary to each other. These chains are interwoven polynucleotide chains whose basic units are four nucleotide subunits. The DNA molecule is a helical structure with the stands being attached to each other via hydrogen bonds. DNA carries the genetic information of every individual. The strands of DNA separate and each strand is utilized for the purpose of transferring of genetic material. Any living organisms including the human beings only synthesize those proteins in their body whose information is present on their DNA (Alberts 2002). The work for the discovery DNA started towards the end of the nineteenth century. The Swiss chemist Friedrich Miescher recognized DNA as a chemical molecule in the late nineteenth century. Research work on DNA continued and other scientists who included Phoebus Levene and Erwin Chargaff worked hard for finding out its structure and chemical bonding. They laid down the scientific foundation which was then followed by Watson and Crick who finally discovered the helical structure of DNA and explained the functioning of DNA and its genetic coding (Pray 2008). Testing of DNA on biological materials which included body fluids, hair and the skin started in the year 1985 in U.S.A. This procedure is the most reliable clinical investigation and is of utmost importance in the inquiries of rape cases. This is because DNA is a biochemical molecule which consists of the entire unique genetic pattern of an individual. The efficacy of these results of DNA testing from the biological materials is even above 99 percent. The first criminal who was awarded punishment following DNA testing was a rapist, Tommie Lee Andrews in the year 1987 in Florida (James 2009). There are many uses of DNA . Its usage in the criminal investigation procedures is its most common use. Biological materials are tested for DNA and this provides for the conviction of criminals in cases which include murder as well as sexual assault. DNA testing is also used for confirming the relationship status of individuals. It can assist in finding lost people. This was true following the September 11 attacks in the United States when DNA testing was performed to identify and tell the families of the victims regarding the deaths of their loved ones. Furthermore, paternity DNA testing can also help solving cases related to property as well as custody related issues. Apart from the legal and criminal field, DNA testing has been extremely crucial for providing with breakthroughs in the medical field for the discovery of new pathological conditions. It has also been helpful for anthropologists to understand evolution and human existence (Lamb 2007; James 2009). The criminal justice system has greatly changed and progressed following the usage of DNA testing procedures. DNA databases have been created in many countries across the globe for the purpose of assessment and identification of offenders. In the United States, by the year 2009, the FBI had the DNA samples of all the criminals who had been convicted as well as the sexual wrongdoers from all the states of the country. Maintenance of such criminal records is one of the breakthroughs in

Prison Corruption and Control Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Prison Corruption and Control - Essay Example For corruption to occur, it requires discretionary powers and a lack of accountability (World Bank, 1998). If accountability is present in any shape or form, the likelihood of corruption becomes reduced. In the same manner, a civil society as well as an organisation within that civil society can reduce corruption if it focuses on accountability wherever there are discretionary powers handed over to a given party (Von Muhlenbrock, 1997). For example, prison wardens may have discretionary powers to a large extent in terms of how prisons are supposed to be handled and how they are to be governed. This discretion gives them great power in managing prisons and they are able to maintain control of quite a few situations where not having discretionary powers would lead to inefficiencies in the system. Even a prison guard can be given discretionary powers and such powers are required for him/her to perform his/her duties. At the same time, all individuals working in a prison have to be made accountable for their actions. Situations where it is suspected that discretionary powers were misused, have to be brought to light and if the individual is found guilty of misusing his/her power, appropriate punishments need to be given out to that individual. Unless the process of holding people accountable for their use of power is established, discretionary power would lead to some level of corruption (Von Muhlenbrock, 1997). As long as accountability remains in place, the chances of prisons, societies even business enterprises becoming corrupt remain minimal (SMH, 2006). The issue of accountability is not limited to social bodies such as prisons and hospitals. On a larger scale it also applies to countries and nations who may use their discretionary powers to establish their own controls over a region or over other countries. Even in such cases, if the country can be made accountable for its actions, the chances of misuse of power become minimized.

Leininger’s Culture Care Theory of Nursing

Leininger’s Culture Care Theory of Nursing Around the world Madeline Leininger is considered the founder of the theory of Culture Care Diversity and Universality and also for the discovery of the research method known as enthonursing or transcultural nursing. She was the first nurse to theorize about human care from a worldview rather than the usual medical view. She is a creative, innovative, and visionary editor and author of 22 books, 265 articles, and 40 chapters focused on transcultural nursing and human care phenomena (Cohen). Leininger is a United States-born anthropologist in which she incorporated her knowledge and expertise in anthropology to her practice in nursing to create an idea that would greatly influence the way in which nurses cared for their clients as well as develop a sense of self-awareness. In 1948, Leininger first received a diploma from St. Anthonys Hospital School of Nursing in Denver, Colorado which qualified her as a registered nurse. She quickly moved on to receive a bachelors degree in biological science and soon thereafter earned masters degree in psychiatric nursing. Finally, she was the first nurse in history to study at a doctorate level and receive a PhD in cultural and social anthropology. She applied her roots in anthropology to provide nursing with a way to study caring while taking into account peoples culture, beliefs, patterns, and values to provide culturally sensitive and congruent care to every patient (McCance, McKenna, Boore). By the 1950s, Leininger began to formulate writings on nursing practice with a primary focus on caring and transcultural awareness (Cohen). In the late 1980s, Leiningers writings on her theory of transcultural nursing and cultural care were published in her Journal of Transcultural Nursing in which Leininger defined caring as the essence and central domain of nursing practice(Cohen). The intention of this publication was to share scholarly work among nurses and others with an interest to incorporate transcultural nursing knowledge into their scope of practice. Her published theory states that caring is the central and unifying domain for the body of knowledge and practices in nursing (Leininger). Globally, she is considered one of nursings most prolific writers. Leiningers theory of transcultural care is significant and unique in the fact that it is the sole theory that focuses on cooperative care that takes into consideration all cultures around the world (Cohen). It is predicted by the U.S. Census Bureau, that by 2042, no single racial-ethnic group will hold a majority population position, and more than half of Americans will be members of a minority group (Varcarolis 2010). In a time when the world is growing smaller and our society is encompassing and adopting more and more diverse cultures, it is imperative that nurses are competent in the ability to give culturally congruent care to patients in all healthcare settings. According to an article on global leadership in transcultural practice, education, and research by Margaret Andrews, Leininger has identified three key historical phases in the process of her development of the transcultural theory of nursing, according to one of her articles called The Evolution of Transcultural nursing with Breakthroughs to Discipline Status (2007). These phases serve to outline the development of transcultural nursing. During the first phase (1955-1975): Establishing the Field of Transcultural Nursing, Leininger acknowledged the relationships between nursing and anthropology, but kept a focus on nursing and the benefits of having a theory (Andrews). During the second phase (1975-1983): Program and Research Expansion for Transcultural Nursing, increasing amounts of nurses became interested in the valuable contribution of transcultural nursing around the world. And lastly the third phase (1983-present): Establishing Transcultural Nursing Worldwide, is the period dur ing which transcultural nursings global agenda is the primary focus. It all began when Leininger was working as a psychiatric clinical nurse specialist in a child guidance home in the 1950s when she experienced the unfamiliar feeling of culture shock. While at the guidance home she worked with children of various cultural backgrounds. She began to notice a lack of understanding amongst herself and the staff about how the childrens cultural backgrounds where influencing their behavior. From this, she came to the conclusion that caring is the central unit to nursing and being culturally competent is vital in order to deliver care to patients. She then began to develop strategies that would help the staff to incorporate congruent care to children with diverse cultures, patterns, and ways of life by developing a worldview and incorporating it into their technique. In the early 1960s, as a part of her doctoral studies in cultural anthropology at the University of Washington, Leininger decided to reside with the people of New Guinea, in which no one had any familiarity, in order to further study this new idea of culturally based interventions (Cohen). She established herself in Gadsup, New Guinea for two years in which she opened her eyes to the values, world views, and beliefs about the health and illness of the villages and how they were crucial in delivering appropriate healthcare. When Leininger arrived in Gadsup she was baffled at how completely different their world was from the one she left behind and she knew that the unfamiliarity would pose a tremendous challenge to her studies. However, Leiningers eagerness to study the meaning of healthcare to these people and how it influenced their wellbeing lead her to adapt and provide specific care that would be beneficial to people and families who were ill. Leininger believed that culture was universal framework to how people solve their problems. The experiences she encountered during her visit in Gadsup sprung the idea that beliefs about health and healthcare are imbedded in the values of the person or persons receiving the care and the understanding of these values and beliefs are critical for interventions to be successful in allowing the patient to heal and be cured. Transcultural nursing with a focus on caring must become the dominant focus of all areas of nursing. It is holistic and the most complete and creative way to help people (Leininger, 1981:5). A key factor that she derived from her experience was her newly discovered research method that she referred to as ethnonursing. The central idea of the enthnonurisng research method was to establish a naturalistic and largely emic method to study phenomena especially related to her culture care diversity and universality theory (Leininger McFarland). The terms Emic and Etic are used widely by anthropologists to re fer to the way in which observations are viewed. The term etic refers to the behavior or belief of the observer of the culture. The term emic refers to the view from the person within the culture and this view is has largest influence on Leiningers studies considering that her work was centered on the patients views in order to meet and understand concepts that were indigenous to them. Leininger applied ethnonursing for the study and analysis of the local or indigenous peoples viewpoints, beliefs, and practices about nursing care phenomena and the processes of designated cultures. She formulated this concept to take into account that nurses do not usually have the time to study the entity of peoples lifeways and interests, but that care is more geared toward the health patterns and phenomena. In an article written by McCance, McKenna, and Boore, a practical application of Leiningers theory was conducted by Barry Kronk in 1993. The purposed of this study was to gain knowledge of the culture of a group of Guatemalan refugees who fled to the United States due to political unrest, extreme poverty, and persecution. The refugees major barrier to congruent care was the language barrier that disabled the caregivers to provide culturally congruent care due to being unable to communicate the refugees cultural preferences. The knowledge that needed to be acquired of their culture included concept of health, health care beliefs, caring behaviors, and barriers to health care. In order to acquire these concepts the health care providers used methods of data collection such as observing, interviewing, life history, photography, and participating with the people in their own environment. When using these methods, Barry Kronk, were able to gather findings of the refugees such a kinship and social factors, educational factors, religious and political factors, traditional factors, belief factors, economic factors, and previous health care factors. When applying Leiningers transcultural care theory and diagnostic tools, Barry Kronk were able to provide a number of recommendations for the refugees in order to provide care. This study also conveys another concept that is unique to Leiningers theory in which the focus of caring may transcend the individual and focus on families, society, or communities as a client (Cohen 1992). Sometimes, culturally competent care cannot be focused on the person as central to nursing because in many cultures, such as those of Eastern or Indigenous cultures, the term person or self does not linguistically exist (Cohen 1992). In these cultures it is not uncommon to see that the concept of a clients health illness is due to a lack balance or harmony within their community or tribe. Madeleine Leiningers culture care theory suggested three modes in which to facilitate nursing actions, judgments, and interventions to meet the heathcare needs of their patients in a culturally sensitive and congruent manner. The three modes of care were: preservation/maintenance, accommodation/negotiation, and repatterning/restructuring. Cultural preservation or maintenance refers to nursing care interventions that help clients of particular cultures to retain and preserve cultural care values when providing healthcare. Cultural care accommodation or negotiation refers to creative and innovative nursing actions that help people of different cultures adapt or negotiate with others in order to attain a goal of optimal health outcomes suitable to the clients culture whether it be an individual, a family, or a community. Cultural care repatterning or restructuring refers to the therapeutic actions taken by the culturally competent nurse that enable the client to modify personal health b ehavior to achieve beneficial outcomes while respecting the cultural values of the client . These assumptions are the philosophical basis in which Leininger has used to add meaning, depth, and clarity to the overall focus of culturally competent care. Visual aid to her theory: sunrise It is amazing what some women and men dare to do with their ideas in many places in the world. Creative thinking and actions are what the world needs most. Transcultural nursing has been an example of these attributes. While taking new actions may be troublesome to some people, yet new actions and new ideas can lead to a wealth of new knowledge and new ways to serve people. Transcultural nurses have taken such actions and are transforming nursing and health care in many places in the world (Leininger).

Pathogenic Parasite and Waterborne Diseases in Three Stations

Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION Background of the Study Rivers are the bodies of water bearing an immense biological importance. Though they contain only about 0. 0001% of the total amount of water in the world at any given time, rivers are vital carriers of water and nutrients to areas all around the earth, they are essential components of the hydrological cycle, for they act as drainage channels for surface water and they serve as habitat for various organisms (Hebert, 2011). With rapid increase of the country’s population and urbanization, bodies of water tremendously began to be polluted.This event commenced the contamination of drinking water as well as the widespread occurrence of waterborne diseases. Waterborne diseases are often caused by parasites which are directly transmitted through consuming contaminated drinking water. Any water reserve, infested with pathogenic parasites, used in the preparation of food can be considered as a source of foodborne disease and could be easi ly transmitted through consumption of the same pathogenic parasites. These diseases commonly affect the digestive tract as well as the other vital parts of the body that may be fatal to anyone especially those who are immunocompromised (WHO, 2004).Globally, waterborne diseases such as diarrhea accounts for 1. 5 million deaths annually according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention on its report in 2010. It is considered one of the most dangerous diseases that could be acquired in flowing water and is a major health problem for developing countries. Also, according to World Health Organization (WHO) on its report in 2004, diarrheal disease accounts for an estimated 4. 1% of the total Disability-adjusted Life Year (DALY) global burden of disease and is responsible for the deaths of 1. million people every year. It was estimated that 88% of that burden is attributable to unsafe water supply, sanitation and hygiene, and is mostly concentrated in children in developing count ries. Over the time – from 2004 up to the present – , rapid increase in population, urbanization, and industrialization reduce the quality of Philippine waters, especially in densely populated areas and regions of industrial and agricultural activities. The discharge of domestic and industrial wastewater and agricultural runoff has caused extensive pollution of the receiving ater-bodies. This effluent is in the form of raw sewage, detergents, fertilizer, heavy metals, chemical products, oils, and even solid waste. Each of these pollutants has a different noxious effect that influences human livelihood and translates into economic costs. Access to clean and adequate water remains an acute seasonal problem in urban and coastal areas in the Philippines. The National Capital Region (Metro Manila), Central Luzon, Southern Tagalog, and Central Visayas are the four urban critical regions in terms of water quality and quantity.The Government’s monitoring data indicates that just over a third or 36 percent of the country’s river systems are classified as sources of public water supply, up to 58 percent of groundwater sampled is contaminated with coliform and needs treatment, approximately 31 percent of illness monitored for a five-year period were caused by waterborne sources, and many areas are experiencing a shortage of water supply during the dry season. Nearly 2. 2 million metric tons of organic pollution are produced annually by domestic (48 percent), agricultural (37 percent), and industrial (15 percent) sectors.In the four water-critical regions, water pollution is dominated by domestic and industrial sources. Untreated wastewater affects health by spreading disease-causing parasites, makes water unfit for drinking and recreational use, threatens biodiversity, and deteriorates overall quality of life. Known diseases caused by poor water include gastro-enteritis, diarrhea, typhoid, cholera, dysentery and hepatitis. The number of water- related health outbreaks including deaths reported in newspapers is going up.However, awareness regarding the need for improved sanitation and water pollution control, reflected by the willingness-to-pay and connection to a sewerage system where they are easily available, is very low (Philippines: Environment Monitor, 2003; Greenpeace 2007). Davao City has been expanding and growing in terms of population, economy and industry. In this manner, more raw materials are being demanded by these different sectors and as a result destruction of the natural resources is inevitable. Davao river ranks number seven among the largest river basins in the Philippines.This is largest of the city’s nine principal watersheds. The river is the main natural reservoir of the aquifer in the city’s jurisdiction. Its length is about 143 kilometers. It has received domestic and industrial wastewater. Since the sewage systems have not yet been fully developed, the garbage has been discharge in to the river leading to a wide-scale contamination of Davao River (Pascua et. al. , 2011). At present, residents within Davao River unceasingly make use of the water for bathing and washing which may present various threats to them.Some use the river for livelihood e. g. sand quarrying and fishing and for recreational activities. But they are blinded by the fact that they can be infected by pathogenic parasites that would eventually lead to waterborne diseases. This study aims to determine the level of pathogenic parasites in the water. Having everyone in the community know the specific parasites present in the selected stations of Davao River – Bankerohan, Bucana and Magallanes – would eventually lead to a more effective prevention and disease control among the residents of the community.The goal of clean water for everyone has to be achieved in a growing population of a city. This study also aims to measure the level of waterborne diseases in Davao River. Through thi s study, we can help the people be oriented with the danger of using contaminated water from Davao River. Related Literature The importance of urban rivers and streams for urban ecology and quality of life in cities is an increasing concern worldwide. The present state of rivers is much dependent on the history and trends of the society in each country.In many situations water quality is still unsatisfying. Restoration of urban rivers is challenging because of intensive land use, danger of flooding and impacts of human activities for water quality and for the ecology of rivers (Jormola, 2008). Today about 50% of the global population are living in urban areas, placing one-third of their inhabitants into slums, and creating huge challenges to their environment and sanitation. Poor sanitation, poor treatments of waste water, as well as catastrophic floods introduce pathogenic bacteria into rivers, infecting and killing many people.The goal of clean water for everyone has to be achieve d with a still growing human population and their rapid concentration in large cities, often megacities. How long introduced pathogens survive in rivers and what their niches are remain poorly known but essential to control waterborne diseases in megacities. Biofilms are often niches for various pathogens because they possess high resistances against environmental stress. They also facilitate gene transfers of antibiotic resistance genes which become an increasing health problem.Beside biofilms, amoebae are carriers of pathogenic bacteria and niches for their survival (Abraham, 2011). The World Health Organization says that every year more than 3. 4 million people die as a result of water related diseases, making it the leading cause of disease and death around the world. Most of the victims are young children, the vast majority of whom die of illnesses caused by organisms that thrive in water sources contaminated by raw sewage (Berman, 2009). Waterborne Diseases Many illnesses, con taminants, and injuries can be water, sanitation, or hygiene-related.Waterborne diseases are caused by organisms that are directly spread through water. Water-related illnesses can be acquired due to lack of water for good hygiene and lack of sanitation. It is important to know how these diseases and contaminants affect humans where they are found, and how to reduce the chance getting ill or suffering injury. This will allow individuals to make informed decisions about water, hygiene, and sanitation-related activities (CDC, 2012). Parasitic Organisms Parasites may be present in food or in water and can be identified as causes of waterborne illness.They range in size, from tiny single-celled organisms to worms visible to the naked eye. Their lifecycle may also vary. While some parasites use a permanent host, others go through a series of developmental phases using different animal or human hosts. The illnesses they can cause range from mild discomfort to debilitating illness and poss ibly death (USDA, 2011). Parasites cause over 2 billion infections per year worldwide. In the immunocompromised host these infections generally represent reactivation of infection from donor or in the allograft recipient often long after the initial infection (Wiley, 2004).Inland and coastal surface waters can be contaminated by human waterborne zoonotic enteropathogens such as Cryptosporidium parvum, Giardia lamblia, Encephalitozoon intestinalis, E. hellem and Enterocytozoon bieneusi (Graczyket et. al, 2008). The aquatic ecosystem harbors many kinds of organisms. Some of these organisms are parasitic protozoa such as Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia spp. , which have recently been recognized as important causes of water and food-borne disease outbreaks associated with fecal contamination (Doron, 2000; Karanis et al. , 2006).Cryptosporidium is a parasite commonly found in lakes and rivers, especially when the water is contaminated with sewage and animal wastes. There have been six m ajor outbreaks of cryptosporidiosis in the United States as a result of contamination of drinking water. One major outbreak in Milwaukee in 1993 affected over 400,000 persons. Cryptosporidial infection can thus be transmitted from fecally contaminated food and water, from animal-person contact, and via person-person contact. The probability of transmission from just a small amount of contamination is fairly high, since a recent study has determined that the 50% infective dose of C. arvum is only 132 oocysts for healthy persons with no previous serological immunity to cryptosporidiosis (Hannahs, G. 1995). Cryptosporidium is very resistant to disinfection, and even a well-operated water treatment system cannot ensure that drinking water will be completely free of this parasite. Cryptosporidium has caused several large waterborne disease outbreaks of gastrointestinal illness, with symptoms that include diarrhea, nausea, and/or stomach cramps (Freedrinkingwater. com, 2009). Cryptosporid iosis, a common finding in pediatric patients hospitalized for diarrhea in urban Manila, Republic of the Philippines.Urban areas, particularly in the developing countries, frequently experience severe overcrowding with concomitant diminished sanitation. This situation is conducive to the transmission of enteric pathogens. It would be reasonable to expect that cryptosporidium oocysts are readily passed from human-to-human, human-to-animal and animal-to-human hosts. In rural areas around the world, human cryptosporidiosis is putatively associated with close human-animal contact, as in the case of animal handlers and similar agricultural situations (Laxer, M. 2003).Giardia lamblia is the protozoan parasite responsible for the disease Giardiasis. Symptoms of acute Giardiasis include diarrhea, nausea, weight loss, malabsorption, abdominal cramps, flatulence, and anemia. The mode of transmission of Giardia is through fecal to oral route or ingestion of cysts. A person can become infected after accidentally swallowing the parasite; but cannot become infected through contact with blood. You can become infected with Giardia lamblia if you swallow contaminated recreational water. Recreational water such as in swimming pools, hot tubs, jacuzzis, fountains, lakes, rivers, prings, ponds, or streams that can be contaminated with sewage or feces from humans or animals (Vdresearch. com, 2008). The prevalence of Giardia and Cryptosporidium among 3,456 diarrheic patients corrected from May 2004 to May 2005 in the Philippines was determined. Of 133 (3. 8%) positive samples, 69 (2. 0%) were positive for Giardia and 67 (1. 9%) for Cryptosporidium. Three samples had co-infection with Giardia and Cryptosporidium. Luzon had the highest positive samples (5. 0%) followed by Mindanao (4. 9%), then Visayas (2. 2%). Giardia was most prevalent in Mindanao (3. 6%) while Cryptosporidium was most prevalent in Luzon (3. %). The prevalence of Giardia (2. 0%) among pediatric patients (0-18 years ) did not significantly differ from that (1. 9%) among adults (>18 years old). However, for Cryptosporidium, the prevalence (2. 9%) among pediatric patients was significantly higher compared to that (0. 2%) among adult patients. In the pediatric population, the highest percentage of patients with Giardia was the 5-9 year old age group, while that of Cryptosporidium was in the 0-4 year old group. The prevalence of Giardia, but not Cryptosporidium, was significantly higher in male than female adults (Natividad, F. 008). Amoebic dysentery (amoebiasis) which is the agent of Entamoeba histolytica is widely seen around the world. About 50 million people has become infected a year and eventually over 100,000 people lose their lives. Amoebiasis come into being in consequence of taken of quad-core mature cysts from water, foods, goods or hands by orally. E. histolytica trophozoites are placed into the colon mucosa and submucosa then forms a bloodymucus diarrhea table. It forms abscesses by m oving through blood to liver, lungs, brain and other tissues (Kaya, O. 2011).The infection is common in developing countries and predominantly affects individuals with poor socioeconomic conditions, nonhygienic practices, and malnutrition (Rivera, W. 1998). Related Studies Waterborne diseases are the most prevalent infectious diseases in the developing countries especially in new settlements along the river. Waterborne diseases occur worldwide, and outbreaks caused by the contamination of community water systems and accidental ingestion of recreational waters have the potential to cause disease in large numbers of consumers. Statistics on outbreaks linked to contaminated water have been vailable in the USA since 1920 (Craun 1986), and since 1971, the Centers for Disease Control (CDC), the US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), and the Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists have maintained a collaborative surveillance system for collecting data pertaining to the occurr ence and causes of outbreaks of waterborne disease (Barwick et al. 2000; Lee et al. 2002). In Europe during 1986–96, 277 outbreaks associated with drinking and recreational water were reported from 16 European countries (Kramer et al. 2001). At least 325 water-associated outbreaks of parasitic protozoan disease have been reported.North American and European outbreaks accounted for 93% of all reports and nearly two-thirds of outbreaks occurred in North America. Over 30% of all outbreaks were documented from Europe, with the UK accounting for 24% of outbreaks, worldwide. Giardia duodenalis and Cryptosporidium parvum account for the majority of outbreaks (40. 6% and 165; 50. 8%, respectively), Entamoeba histolytica and Cyclospora cayetanensis have been the aetiological agents in nine (2. 8%) and six (1. 8%) outbreaks, respectively, while Toxoplasma gondii and Isospora belli have been responsible for three outbreaks each (0. %) and Blastocystis hominis for two outbreaks (0. 6%). Balantidium coli, the microsporidia, Acanthamoeba and Naegleria fowleri were responsible for one outbreak, each (0. 3%). Moreover, the occurrence of Giardia and Cryptosporidium (oo)cysts in recreational rivers from Malaysia was reported. It was carried out in water samples at two rivers, ‘Sungai Congkak’ and ‘Sungai Batu’, located in Selangor State. The occurrence of both Giardia lamblia and Cryptosporidium parvum (oo)cysts was higher in Sungai Congkak (50% or 15/30 and 10% or 3/30 respectively) than Sungai Batu (16% or 5/30 and 3. % or 1/30 respectively). The mean density of cysts/L was 0. 72 in Sungai Congkak and 0. 023 in Sungai Batu, and that of oocysts/L was 0. 023 in Sungai Congkak and 0. 0033 in Sungai Batu, showing that the occurrence of Giardia was higher and more frequent than Cryptosporidium in both rivers. On the other hand, the Giardia and Cryptosporidium (oo)cysts were more concentrated at the downstream station, followed by midstream and upst ream stations which might be due to human factors where settlements and recreation areas were located around and between midstream and downstream stations.Failure to meet basic human needs for water in China leads to waterborne diseases and preventable deaths, especially among children. The OECD Environmental Indicators in China report issued in July 2007 estimated 30,000 rural children die each year from diarrhea caused by polluted water (OECD, 2007). The World Health Organization reported an incidence of 108. 4 mortalities per 100,000 persons from diarrhea-related illness in China in 2002. In 2003, the National Statistics Office said diarrheal diseases ranked second among the top causes of morbidity in the Philippines with 615,692 cases recorded (World Bank, 2006).Diarrhea is considered a major cause of morbidity, especially in developing countries. In the Philippines, it was the leading cause of morbidity for the years 2001 and 2003, and the second in 2002 (National Statistics Of fice, 2006). Common causes of diarrhea are infections due to protozoa. These causative agents are either foodborne or waterborne. Among enteric protozoa, Giardia lamblia (syn. G. intestinalis or G. duodenalis) and Cryptosporidium spp. are the most commonly reported causes of water-borne diarrhea outbreaks (Natividad et al,2008).The protozoa G. lamblia was first reported in the Philippines in 1977 and since then has been identified as a common intestinal parasite. Studies done in Luzon, in various localities in the Visayas, and in the southern islands of Mindanao indicate wide distribution of Giardia in the Philippines. (Natividad et al, 2008). Stool examinations in the Philippines typically included the identification of the common etiologic agents of diarrheas such as G. lamblia and Cryptosporidium.According to the most recent nationwide survey of Giardia and Cryptosporidium provides basic information on the prevalence of these enteric protozoa in the Philippines. (Buerano et al, 2 008). The worsening water quality is related to incidence of waterborne diseases, and is likely to increase a negative impact of floods on human health. Example of this is an unusual flood that occurred in Marikina City, resulting in high mortality and morbidity rates due to gastroenteritis and other waterborne diseases (The Asian Disaster Preparedness Center, August 2008).The pollution of the surface water in Agusan River could cause a variety of contagious diseases. Those diseases could outbreak through several routes such as: infection by parasites (such as schistosome), which inhabit in the water and drinking of and/or contact with the polluted water river that may cause dysentery and diarrhea (Lomboy, 2011). Instead of developing Davao River as an economic resource, it is currently being used as a central septic tank according to the Davao River Conservation Coordinating Committee.A study conducted by the committee showed that about 11 drainage systems in the city are moving in to the Davao River (Manila Bulletin Publishing Corp. , 2004). Currently, Davao River has become a dumping site for garbage, biological wastes, chemical wastes and other pollutants carried by the residents and even people just within the area (Pascua et. al. , 2011). Thus, areas near or within the urbanized populace such as Bankerohan, Magallanes and Bucana, are considered polluted and may be the source of detrimental effects to those who live nearby. Conceptual FrameworkINDEPENDENT VARIABLEDEPENDENT VARIABLE Fig. 1 Conceptual Paradigm Showing the Relationship of Independent and Dependent Variables of the Study Presented in Fig. 1 above is the conceptual paradigm showing the independent variable, the pathogenic parasites and its levels on the three stations of Davao River namely Bankerohan, Magallanes and Bucana and is the subject of the study. The waterborne diseases and its levels would depend on what pathogenic parasites are found on the three stations of Davao River and is consid ered the dependent variable of the study.Statement of the Problem This study specifically aims to answer the following questions: 1. What is the level of pathogenic parasites in the following stations of Davao River: 1. Bankerohan? 2. Magallanes? 3. Bucana? 2. Is there a significant difference among the levels of pathogenic parasites? 3. What is the level of waterborne diseases in the following stations of Davao River: 1. Bankerohan? 2. Magallanes? 3. Bucana? 4. Is there a significant difference among the levels of waterborne diseases? 5.Is there a significant association between the level of pathogenic parasites and the level of waterborne diseases? Null Hypotheses 1. Hypothesis free 2. There is no significant difference among the levels of pathogenic parasites in the three stations of Davao River. 3. Hypothesis free 4. There is no significant difference among the levels of waterborne diseases in the three stations of Davao River. 5. There is no significant association between the level of pathogenic parasites and the level of waterborne diseases in the three stations of Davao River. Significance of the StudyThe results of this study would provide advantages to various fields namely: Government – They would be able to implement policies and ordinances regarding proper waste management and the dos and don’ts regarding the use of water from the river. The affected residents within the area would be supported and information dissemination within the community would be implemented. Environmental Groups and Agencies – Having been aware on the situation of the 3 stations of Davao River, they would be able to provide solutions to lessen its contamination and prevent increase on water pollution.Community – They would be given health awareness as well as the possible implementation of preventive measures and disease control. Teachers – This study would serve as an educational supplement and could be regarded as a learning material th at could give additional knowledge to those who would desire to conduct a study related to pathogenic organisms found in urbanized rivers. Students – This study could serve as a reference material for further researches. Definition of Terms Davao River. It is one of the largest rivers in the Philippines and the largest in Davao Region.It has a length of 143 kilometers. Salug River located in San Fernando, Bukidnon is its source and the mouth is located at the Davao Gulf. Bacteria. They are single-celled prokaryotic microscopic living organisms that could be pathogenic or likely to cause disease especially waterborne diseases since they could live in water and easily multiply. Parasite. It is an organism that lives in or on another organism (its host) and benefits by getting nutrients directly to its host. It is usually acquired through ingestion of contaminated food or water.Waterborne disease. It is a disease acquired by drinking water contaminated at its source or in the di stribution system, or by direct contact with environmental and recreational waters. It is a disease which results from infection with pathogenic microorganisms or chemical poisoning. Pathogenic microorganisms include viruses, bacteria, protozoans and helminthes. ———————– Waterborne diseases †¢ Bucana †¢ Magallanes †¢ Bankerohan Pathogenic Parasites †¢ Bucana †¢ Magallanes †¢ Bankerohan